"Cheerful Robots"

C. Wright Mills strongly disagrees with David E. Lilienthal that freedom and democracy are both equivalent to the right to choose whatever one wants to buy. To Mills, freedom is more than “the chance to do as one pleases” (212). But to many Americans, Lilienthal’s definition of freedom suited and still suits most Americans. Most Americans are more concerned with what they want to buy than whom they want to vote for and why. The term “Cheerful Robots” seems to fit most Americans perfectly. Americans enjoy the complacency of having unlimited amounts of anything they want. The technology of American products is generally considered very advanced, but many dismiss the advancement of the human mind and its infinite abilities. Life Magazine stated that freedom was in danger from disuse. This can also be said of the rampant apathy and materialism of today. People are not truly free when they are tied to material possessions. Technology and materialism often isolates people. T.S. Eliot stated “Television is a medium of entertainment which permits millions of people to listen to the same joke at the same time, and yet remain lonesome”.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Former President Franklin Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms and rampant anticommunism were two things that inspired the concept of universal human rights after World War II. In 1948, a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt introduced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the United Nations General Assembly. It included rights almost synonymous with FDR’s Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, protection against arbitrary government, and social and economic entitlements. There was no driving force to enforce these principles, but they soon became widely held concepts of freedom.

While these principles were common ideas, they were not always carried out. Many people saw social and economic entitlements as a form of much-hated socialism. Americans enjoyed demonstrating the freedom within their boundaries, but in reality, everyone faced overwhelming restrictions. In 1950, the McCarran Internal Security Act was passed, barring totalitarians (citizens of the Soviet Union) from entering the United States. Truman’s civil rights program was never approved by Congress. Senator McCarthy began a rampant crusade against “communists”, most of whom were simply people with ideas considered radical by conservatives. HUAC, the American Legion, National Association of Manufacturers, and Daughters of the American Revolution persecuted individuals for their beliefs. The McCarran Internal Security Bill required people with unpopular beliefs to register with the government, allowed for the denial of passports, and authorized incarceration or deportation on presidential order.

Korean Comfort Women

During WWII, Korean women and girls (as well as women of other South East Asian countries) were forced to work in rape camps set up by the Japanese army. After their traumatic experiences, few spoke out against the atrocities committed against them. A woman's worth depended on how pure she was. Women who had sexual experience before marriage were generally undesirable. The Comfort Women's experiences of forced sexual labor inappropriately undermined their worth and status. Women were ashamed to speak out against their aggressors, fearful of what their family and peers would think of them.
Rape has always been in a problem during wartime, but this horrific crime is usually overlooked. Women and young girls of an enemy country were considered the "spoils" of war. Such a crime is far from outdated, nor does it seem to be any more under control than it was during the War in the Philippines. One in six women will be raped in their lifetime, and only six percent of rapists will ever be incarcerated. It is nearly impossible to keep count of every victim of rape overseas. Rape is not just "unfortunate", it is despicable and dehumanizing. There is absolutely no justification for rape, nor will there ever be.
The government and officials of Japan repeatedly denied forcing sexual labor on women of enemy countries, even with all the complaints by Korean women. The Japanese claimed that the women came willingly, and no crime of rape ever went unpunished by the Japanese military. Any soldier that committed rape was allegedly court-martialed. But this cannot be true, for the testimonies of Comfort Women reveal identical trends of their horrible and degrading treatment. Even veteran Japanese soldiers admitted to using Comfort Women, claiming they were "necessary for consolation in wartime".

The Four Freedoms

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s visions of essential human freedoms were the freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. “Freedom from want” meant freedom from economic want. The phrase originally meant an end to barriers to international trade, but later became a promise of protection of America’s standard of living after the war. Roosevelt wanted to make this principle universal, promising it to everyone in the world. Roosevelt was criticized as a socialist for promoting such a liberal economic idea.
During the Depression and World War II, the world seemed complicated and out of control. Franklin Roosevelt’s last vision, “freedom from fear”, was an answer to people’s continuous worries about the outcome of the Great Depression and the Second World War. “Freedom from fear” was a promise of peace, and an end to physical aggression between countries. It called for a reduction in armaments to the point that no one country will harm another. But the Cold War would soon prove that “the arms race” between countries was inevitable.
When Germany invaded, attacked, and occupied much of Europe, Europeans and Americans lived in constant fear. Europeans lived in fear of physical aggression, and Americans lived in fear of greater economic downfall. Roosevelt succeeded in his campaign for “freedom from want” by mobilizing for war and selling weapons.
The new weapons of WWI frightened many, and the German’s annihilation of Europe disturbed not only Europeans, but also the rest of the world. Roosevelt called for an end to the collective armaments to ensure the safety of residents of the United States. He also universalized this principle by stating that the armaments race could be ended “anywhere in the world”.

Alain Locke on The New Negro

In The New Negro, Alain Locke stresses the importance of African American attitudes and self-expression. He states that the day of “aunties”, “uncles”, and “mammies” is gone. Locke means that the Negro is no longer just Southern. Locke wants to alleviate the Southern stereotypes that bound blacks to the notion of slavery. He also talks of the liberation of the Harlem Renaissance: a time of cultural expression and the establishment of African American values. Locke notes that Manhattan has been a place for blacks to dissolve African stereotypes and find different members of their own race, with whom they can interact with and strengthen their community. Before blacks were bound together as a race solely by a “common condition” (slavery), but now since there is a great mixture of African Americans in Manhattan, they can find unity and be bound by “sentiment and experience”.

WWI Letter

February 27, 1918

Dear Rita,

I have been getting your letters. I’m sorry I haven’t written for a long time, but I can’t tell you how much I miss you. I miss Manhattan, and I hope all the race riots have been subsiding there. I don’t understand the segregation of the Puerto Rican regiment, much less the segregation of every public place in America. The Great Migration has brought so many African Americans to the North. I thought they would be treated better there, but it seems like the Progressive Movement and Wilson care very little about racial equality at this time. It’s so strange to me. In Puerto Rico, everyone is so mixed in their ethnic background that no one is discriminated against: everyone is just Puerto Rican. One private in the regiment, Orlando, asked me, “Why are the black Puerto Ricans in a different regiment? They’re Puerto Ricans! They should be with their brothers!” I know that one day all the rioting will cease, and we will all live in peace. I remember the Silent Protest Parade, and I’ve heard talk of Marcus Garvey. I don’t agree with his ideas. If blacks and whites can live together as a community in Puerto Rico, I know they can do so in the United States. I hope African American participation in war will lead to greater appreciation of their race, and eventually, complete freedom.
I do love America, and my job at the factory is nothing like the farm back home, but the union has helped me so much and I was finally able to support you. I have been struggling with the concept that although Puerto Ricans are citizens of the United States and many of us were drafted into the Army and Navy, we cannot vote for President of the United States and have no representation in the federal government! We can kill and die for the United States, but we cannot choose the leader of “our country”. I admire and look up to José de Diego. I’m glad he confronted Wilson’s hypocrisy. Weren’t we drafted to defend democracy? But Puerto Ricans are not worthy of such an American idea.
I’m sorry I haven’t been talking much of France, I much prefer talking about what’s happening in America. I can’t lie and say I’m not afraid. I was afraid back at home when I had heard that hundreds of thousands of French and German soldiers were killed in the Battle of Verdun. I don’t like thinking about France. I know how much you want to visit Paris, but I have not seen the city yet. France is nice, but it’s nothing like Ponce back home. Maybe after we get married we can live in Paris for a year! I haven’t seen much of combat, but have spent some time in the trenches (Puerto Rican and black regiments see much less combat than whites). I hope never to go back. The destruction I’ve seen is enough for a lifetime. Bodies strewn about, my own friends being killed in front of my eyes… I don’t want to worry you with what I’ve experienced, but I know you want to know.
These new weapons are like nothing I’ve ever seen. I’ve been introduced to chemical warfare and automatic weapons. I’ve been exposed to mustard gas, which soldiers call LOST. It was produced by the Germans. It’s a yellowish green gas that sinks to the bottom of the trenches, producing unbearable effects such as skin blistering, and suffocation (when the soldiers inhale the gas, they drown in their own fluid). The gas forces soldiers out of the trenches, leaving them vulnerable and out in the open (called “no man’s land”), where they are killed by artillery fire. It feels like you’re burning from the inside out, but luckily the gas masks help. The new artillery is so destructive. With machine guns, you can take out a whole line of men (dozens!) in a matter of seconds.
The trenches are horrible. There are rats the size of cats that eat the dead bodies of soldiers around me. Sometimes instead of sand bags we use body parts. The weather is horrific, nothing like the sunny weather of Ponce. It rains all day and all night, and since it’s winter it freezes and sleets. Many men become fatally ill. Tuberculosis is rampant and trench fever has left men unable to fight for up to two weeks. Trench fever is caused by body lice, and since all of us live in such close quarters, most men get it. The sickness, death, and destruction are unbearable.
Luckily, I’ve mostly been working at the mess hall and in supply units. I cook and serve food to white regiments. It’s not nearly as bad as you would think. I’m just glad to be out of combat for now. Hopefully, peace will be achieved, and I’ll be home soon. I miss you.

Love,

Juan Andres

Mexican Immigrant 1920- Reaction 3

America is a wonderful place. I would rather be here than anywhere else. I’m now making eight times as much as I was making in Mexico, I have a comfortable home, and two beautiful daughters. However, I despise this loose, individualistic American culture. In Mexico everything is family-oriented. We act as a collective unit, and everyone works hard together. In Mexican communities and families everyone has their place: women stay at home and care for children and the house, men work outside the home, children help their mother with chores. This American culture has been encroaching on the Mexican principles central to our lives. Organizations have been seeking me out at work, and telling me that my family and I need to conform to “American standards of living”. An organization called the Daughters of the American Revolution has been talking to my wife, who can barely even speak English! They try to persuade her to work outside of the house as a seamstress, which is completely unacceptable in our culture. They tell her about “reproductive choices”, and tell her she has the option not to have many children. I refuse to let her out of the house to attend these English classes taught by these loose women. These Americanization organizations keep telling my wife about how unhealthy our diets are, and how unsanitary we are. She has begun to serve bread in place of tortillas, and lettuce instead of beans! She has begun to influence our two daughters, which is exactly what these organizations wanted. One of them wants to drop out of high school to become a secretary- how disgraceful! My father would be appalled at this act of subversion. They both work as laundresses, and spend their wages on cosmetics and material things. That is another thing I despise: American materialism. There are more important things to worry about. Having luxurious things may be the American way, but they are useless in Mexican culture. My girls go out alone at night with boys, and do other things that wretched American girls do. If I forbid them to go out, they complain to me that all their American friends go out, and they have to become Americans if they intend to live here. I permanently forbade them from leaving the house, but my plan failed. The youngest ran off and was married to an American! I feel like my culture is crumbling in my hands. The family I had is disintegrating, becoming different people. They don’t understand how important it is to retain their Mexican values. Values were the only things we had when we moved here, and the only things that helped us survive.

Working in a Textile Mill in 1892

My parents lied to me. When we moved here, they told me that everyone in America lives in a beautiful house, has an abundance of fat chickens and pigs, and eventually becomes wealthy. In America, as long as you work hard, nothing can stop you from being wealthy.
The city is awful. It’s the ugliest place I’ve ever been. It’s nothing like the farm back home, and there are no chickens or pigs or fine houses- at least not where we live. The room we live in is so small, when we lie down to sleep we are never more than two inches away from each other. The tenements are crowded and dirty. But this is all my parents and I can afford.
It is so hard to find work, because everyone is so desperate for even the worst jobs. Some places will not accept applications from Irish, Catholics, or Jews. I was excited for my first day at work, until my hand was caught in the washing range and my fingers were hurt and bruised. I told the overseer, who then ordered me back to work. When I came to her again, she threatened to fire me. Standing long hours in the overcrowded, hot room is exhausting.
Some women in the mill talk of forming a union. This seems silly to me. Who would listen to a woman, especially a poor Jewish woman? I have heard of these organizations in Chicago. I heard that several years ago, four immigrant workers were killed for participating in a strike. While workers were protesting their deaths, someone threw a bomb at a policeman. Eight people were charged with the bombing, and seven of them were immigrants. Many people die to try to receive better wages or shorter hours. I cannot afford to get hurt or lose my job. My family depends on me.

Thoughts on Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism is the survival of the fittest in a human society. Economic competition among humans is especially relevant. During the late 19th century, social Darwinism was a prevalent idea shared by many Americans, especially government officials and wealthy citizens.
Affirmative action really didn’t begin until the 1960s, so in the late 1800s the newly freed slaves had to scrape together what they had in order to stay afloat economically. African Americans in the South faced inconceivable discrimination, which denied them the promise of life, liberty, and property guaranteed to everyone else (with the exception of other races who were also greatly discriminated against, such as Mexican Americans and Chinese Americans).
Our Lockean liberal society believes in a strong sense of rugged individualism- an unofficial declaration of “every man for himself”. American ideology also promotes and upholds the “rags to riches” individual, manifested in and endorsed by entrepreneurs such as Andrew Carnegie. It was expected that every man, no matter what hardships he faced, would be able to bring himself out of poverty without the aid of the government. These thoughts were echoed by prominent men such as Yale professor William Graham Sumner. It was thought that those who didn’t work (no matter the circumstances) did not deserve charity from the government. This sentiment of “undeserving poor” is undoubtedly echoed today, as it has been for years.
The term “welfare queen” was coined during Ronald Reagan’s presidency (an era of supply-side economics, deregulatory policies, and welfare opposition) to describe poor mothers who did not work and used welfare money on things like drugs and alcohol. Today, we still have people opposed to giving up their tax dollars to the “undeserving poor”. This issue has arisen a lot lately, since President Obama is committed to the abolition of poverty through welfare reform. Many Americans with conservative views on fiscal policy feel like they will be having their money stolen from them and given to a group of lazy, undeserving people.
I really don’t understand how you can distinguish the “deserving” poor from the “undeserving” poor so easily, and how you can decide that none of these people deserve government-funded assistance. I believe the government’s first job is to ensure the comfort and safety of its citizens. To say that all people can break free from the restraints of poverty regardless of their situation is simply untrue. The cycle of poverty is such a difficult thing to get through. I find it hard to believe that every poor single mother is an alcoholic using our tax dollars to support her habit. In fact, I’d say Ronald Reagan’s statements about these alleged “welfare queens” were greatly exaggerated. I believe these sentiments furthered the stigmatization and marginalization of the poor. It is a fact that it is hard to be a single mother trying to raise her children right- to feed them, clothe them, educate them, and try to survive on her own. Some people need help to survive. I don’t think it’s reasonable to generalize the poor, because everyone’s situation is different. Everyone deserves an equal chance at what our country promises us: life, liberty, and property. Since many experience unsurpassable impediments, some people need help to achieve equality. If everyone is truly equal in the eyes of the government, why should these people not be given the help they need in order to achieve the things guaranteed to all Americans?